Sains Malaysiana 54(2)(2025): 389-401

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5402-06

 

Asplenium nidus Menindas Virus Herpes Simplex pada Awal Fasa Jangkitan, Tindakan Virusidal dan Menurunkan Jangkitan Progeni

(Asplenium nidus Inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus during the Early Infection Phase, Virucidal Action and Reduces Progeny Infection)

 

NAZLINA IBRAHIM*, MARIYA MOHD TAHIR & NOREFRINA SHAFINAZ MD NOR

 

Jabatan Sains Biologi dan Bioteknologi, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

 

Received: 30 April 2024/Accepted: 1 November 2024

 

Abstrak

Aktiviti antivirus ekstrak akuas akar Asplenium nidus atau paku langsuir telah diketahui namun cara tindakannya terhadap virus herpes simplex jenis 1 (HSV-1) belum dikenal pasti. Objektif kajian ini adalah menentukan kandungan sebatian dalam ekstrak akuas akar Asplenium nidus (EAAAN) serta tindakannya terhadap fasa awal jangkitan dan virus tersebut secara terus. Ekstrak akar A. nidus yang ditentukan melalui kromatografi cecair-spektrum jisim/spektrum jisim (LC-MS/MS) terdiri beberapa sebatian flavonoid iaitu metoksiflavon, rutin, katekin, kaempferol dan asid quinik. Penentuan rawatan EAAAN secara pasca jangkitan menunjukkan peratus pengurangan 75% plak pada kepekatan 12.5 mg/mL berbanding peratus pengurangan 60% melalui ujian pra-rawatan sel secara signifikan pada p<0.05. Seterusnya, EAAAN dapat menghalang penjerapan virus dengan bersandarkan dos yang didedahkan dengan kepekatan yang berkesan terhadap 50% aktiviti antivirus (EC₅₀) adalah pada kepekatan melebihi 1 mg/mL. Seawal 15 minit pasca jangkitan (p.j), EAAAN dapat menghalang penembusan virus ke dalam membran sel. Seterusnya asai virusidal menunjukkan EAAAN memberi kesan langsung terhadap zarah HSV-1 dan disahkan berlaku kerosakan sampul virus melalui pencerapan mikroskopi transmisi elektron. Melalui asai kebolehjangkitan progeni virus, berlaku penurunan titer virus progeni berbanding titer progeni virus dalam sel terjangkit tanpa rawatan. Sebagai kesimpulan, kajian ini mengesahkan ekstrak akuas akar A. nidus mengandungi beberapa sebatian flavonoid dengan potensi anti-HSV-1 melalui beberapa tindakan iaitu mengelak jangkitan virus melalui halangan penjerapan dan penembusan virus ke dalam sel iaitu pada fasa awal jangkitan virus, tindakan virusidal yang menyebabkan kerosakan kepada zarah virus dan mengurangkan bilangan progeni virus yang berdayajangkit.

 

Kata kunci: Akar Asplenium nidus; halang penjerapan dan penembusan virus; sebatian flavonoid; virusidal; virus herpes simplex jenis-1

 

Abstract

Asplenium nidus or Paku Langsuir root aqueous extract (EAAAN) has been identified as having antiviral activity but its mode of action against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the compounds present in EAAAN and the mode of action against HSV-1 early replication stage and directly towards the virus. Asplenium nidus root aqueous extract was determined by Liquid Chtomatography Mass Spectormetry/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) contains several flavonoid compounds namely methoxiflavone, rutin, catechin, kaempherol and quinik acid. Post-infection treatment with EAAAN showed 75% plaque reduction percentage at the concentration of 12.5 mg/mL compared to 60% reduction percentage when cells were pretreated prior to infection significantly at p<0.05. Subsequently, EAAAN was able to prevent virus attachment to host cell in dose dependant manner with 50% virus activity concentration (EC₅₀) was more than 1 mg/mL. As early as 15 min post-infection, EAAAN was able to prevent virus penetration into the cell membrane. Virucidal assay showed EAAAN had direct effect against HSV-1 particles and virus envelope was damaged as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. In virus progeny yield assay, titer of virus progeny compared to titer of virus progeny in infected cells without treatment decreased to 63.3%. As a conclusion, this study confirms that A. nidus root aqueous extract contains several flavonoid compounds with potential anti-HSV-1 activity with multiple mode of action including interrupting early phase of virus infection by preventing attachment and penetration into cells, virucidal activity by direct damage to virus particle and reduction in viral progeny infectivity.

 

Keywords: Asplenium nidus root; flavonoid compounds; herpes simplex virus type-1; mode of actions; virusidal

 

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*Corresponding author; email: nazlina@ukm.edu.my